Common Diagnoses
Diagnoses are agreed-upon labels for describing symptoms. The symptoms, severity, and length of time, are the main part of what is used to diagnose. The diagnosis is descriptive, and does not provide an etiological explanation for the disorder. For example, major depressive disorder means a person has had continually depressed mood or lack of interest or pleasure in activities for two weeks or longer, along with several other symptoms. This diagnosis tells us nothing about the cause or what type of treatment the client will respond best to.
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Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a form of depression characterized by a persistently low mood that affects an individual's daily functioning. Common symptoms include feelings of sadness or emptiness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed, changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia), fatigue or low energy, difficulty concentrating or making decisions, and feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt. These symptoms are present most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks. MDD significantly impacts a person's quality of life and requires appropriate treatment and support.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive and persistent worry about various aspects of daily life, which is disproportionate to the actual likelihood or impact of the feared events. Common symptoms include restlessness or feeling on edge, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating or having a mind that goes blank, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless, unsatisfying sleep). These symptoms occur more days than not for at least six months. Individuals with GAD experience constant worry and physical symptoms can still impair their quality of life and require appropriate treatment to prevent escalation.
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involves experiencing intrusive, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and engaging in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) to alleviate the distress caused by these thoughts. Common symptoms include frequent, distressing worries about contamination, harm, or orderliness, and performing rituals like excessive handwashing, checking, or arranging objects in a particular way. These obsessions and compulsions can still interfere with daily functioning and cause significant distress. Individuals with mild OCD may recognize that their thoughts and behaviors are excessive or irrational but still feel compelled to perform them to reduce anxiety or prevent feared outcomes. Effective management often involves cognitive-behavioral therapy, particularly exposure and response prevention, and sometimes medication.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mild autism, often referred to as high-functioning autism or previously as Asperger's Syndrome, is a condition on the autism spectrum characterized by challenges in social interaction and communication, alongside restricted and repetitive behaviors or interests. Individuals with mild autism may struggle with understanding social cues, maintaining eye contact, and engaging in typical back-and-forth conversations. They might have specific, intense interests and prefer routine, finding changes distressing. Early diagnosis and intervention, including behavioral therapies and social skills training, can significantly enhance their ability to navigate social environments and lead fulfilling lives.